Why does Mongoose have both schemas and models?

EDIT: Although this has been useful for many people, as mentioned in the comments it answers the "how" rather than the why. Thankfully, the why of the question has been answered elsewhere also, with this answer to another question. This has been linked in the comments for some time but I realise that many may not get that far when reading.

Often the easiest way to answer this type of question is with an example. In this case, someone has already done it for me :)

Take a look here:

http://rawberg.com/blog/nodejs/mongoose-orm-nested-models/

EDIT: The original post (as mentioned in the comments) seems to no longer exist, so I am reproducing it below. Should it ever return, or if it has just moved, please let me know.

It gives a decent description of using schemas within models in mongoose and why you would want to do it, and also shows you how to push tasks via the model while the schema is all about the structure etc.

Original Post:

Let’s start with a simple example of embedding a schema inside a model.

var TaskSchema = new Schema({
    name: String,
    priority: Number
});
 
TaskSchema.virtual('nameandpriority')
    .get( function () {
        return this.name + '(' + this.priority + ')';
    });
 
TaskSchema.method('isHighPriority', function() {
    if(this.priority === 1) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}); 
 
var ListSchema = new Schema({
    name: String,
    tasks: [TaskSchema]
});
 
mongoose.model('List', ListSchema);
 
var List = mongoose.model('List');
 
var sampleList = new List({name:'Sample List'});

I created a new TaskSchema object with basic info a task might have. A Mongoose virtual attribute is setup to conveniently combine the name and priority of the Task. I only specified a getter here but virtual setters are supported as well.

I also defined a simple task method called isHighPriority to demonstrate how methods work with this setup.

In the ListSchema definition you’ll notice how the tasks key is configured to hold an array of TaskSchema objects. The task key will become an instance of DocumentArray which provides special methods for dealing with embedded Mongo documents.

For now I only passed the ListSchema object into mongoose.model and left the TaskSchema out. Technically it's not necessary to turn the TaskSchema into a formal model since we won’t be saving it in it’s own collection. Later on I’ll show you how it doesn’t harm anything if you do and it can help to organize all your models in the same way especially when they start spanning multiple files.

With the List model setup let’s add a couple tasks to it and save them to Mongo.

var List = mongoose.model('List');
var sampleList = new List({name:'Sample List'});
 
sampleList.tasks.push(
    {name:'task one', priority:1}, 
    {name:'task two', priority:5}
);
 
sampleList.save(function(err) {
    if (err) {
        console.log('error adding new list');
        console.log(err);
    } else {
        console.log('new list successfully saved'); 
    }
});

The tasks attribute on the instance of our List model (sampleList) works like a regular JavaScript array and we can add new tasks to it using push. The important thing to notice is the tasks are added as regular JavaScript objects. It’s a subtle distinction that may not be immediately intuitive.

You can verify from the Mongo shell that the new list and tasks were saved to mongo.

db.lists.find()
{ "tasks" : [
    {
        "_id" : ObjectId("4dd1cbeed77909f507000002"),
        "priority" : 1,
        "name" : "task one"
    },
    {
        "_id" : ObjectId("4dd1cbeed77909f507000003"),
        "priority" : 5,
        "name" : "task two"
    }
], "_id" : ObjectId("4dd1cbeed77909f507000001"), "name" : "Sample List" }

Now we can use the ObjectId to pull up the Sample List and iterate through its tasks.

List.findById('4dd1cbeed77909f507000001', function(err, list) {
    console.log(list.name + ' retrieved');
    list.tasks.forEach(function(task, index, array) {
        console.log(task.name);
        console.log(task.nameandpriority);
        console.log(task.isHighPriority());
    });
});

If you run that last bit of code you’ll get an error saying the embedded document doesn’t have a method isHighPriority. In the current version of Mongoose you can’t access methods on embedded schemas directly. There’s an open ticket to fix it and after posing the question to the Mongoose Google Group, manimal45 posted a helpful work-around to use for now.

List.findById('4dd1cbeed77909f507000001', function(err, list) {
    console.log(list.name + ' retrieved');
    list.tasks.forEach(function(task, index, array) {
        console.log(task.name);
        console.log(task.nameandpriority);
        console.log(task._schema.methods.isHighPriority.apply(task));
    });
});

If you run that code you should see the following output on the command line.

Sample List retrieved
task one
task one (1)
true
task two
task two (5)
false

With that work-around in mind let’s turn the TaskSchema into a Mongoose model.

mongoose.model('Task', TaskSchema);
 
var Task = mongoose.model('Task');
 
var ListSchema = new Schema({
    name: String,
    tasks: [Task.schema]
});
 
mongoose.model('List', ListSchema);
 
var List = mongoose.model('List');

The TaskSchema definition is the same as before so I left it out. Once its turned into a model we can still access it’s underlying Schema object using dot notation.

Let’s create a new list and embed two Task model instances within it.

var demoList = new List({name:'Demo List'});
 
var taskThree = new Task({name:'task three', priority:10});
var taskFour = new Task({name:'task four', priority:11});
 
demoList.tasks.push(taskThree.toObject(), taskFour.toObject());
 
demoList.save(function(err) {
    if (err) {
        console.log('error adding new list');
        console.log(err);
    } else {
        console.log('new list successfully saved'); 
    }
});

As we’re embedding the Task model instances into the List we’re calling toObject on them to convert their data into plain JavaScript objects that the List.tasks DocumentArray is expecting. When you save model instances this way your embedded documents will contain ObjectIds.

The complete code example is available as a gist. Hopefully these work-arounds help smooth things over as Mongoose continues to develop. I’m still pretty new to Mongoose and MongoDB so please feel free to share better solutions and tips in the comments. Happy data modeling!

Schema is an object that defines the structure of any documents that will be stored in your MongoDB collection; it enables you to define types and validators for all of your data items.

Model is an object that gives you easy access to a named collection, allowing you to query the collection and use the Schema to validate any documents you save to that collection. It is created by combining a Schema, a Connection, and a collection name.

Originally phrased by Valeri Karpov, MongoDB Blog