Why does pthread_cond_wait have spurious wakeups?

The following explanation is given by David R. Butenhof in "Programming with POSIX Threads" (p. 80):

Spurious wakeups may sound strange, but on some multiprocessor systems, making condition wakeup completely predictable might substantially slow all condition variable operations.

In the following comp.programming.threads discussion, he expands on the thinking behind the design:

Patrick Doyle wrote: 
> In article , Tom Payne   wrote: 
> >Kaz Kylheku  wrote: 
> >: It is so because implementations can sometimes not avoid inserting 
> >: these spurious wakeups; it might be costly to prevent them. 

> >But why?  Why is this so difficult?  For example, are we talking about 
> >situations where a wait times out just as a signal arrives? 

> You know, I wonder if the designers of pthreads used logic like this: 
> users of condition variables have to check the condition on exit anyway, 
> so we will not be placing any additional burden on them if we allow 
> spurious wakeups; and since it is conceivable that allowing spurious 
> wakeups could make an implementation faster, it can only help if we 
> allow them. 

> They may not have had any particular implementation in mind. 

You're actually not far off at all, except you didn't push it far enough. 

The intent was to force correct/robust code by requiring predicate loops. This was 
driven by the provably correct academic contingent among the "core threadies" in 
the working group, though I don't think anyone really disagreed with the intent 
once they understood what it meant. 

We followed that intent with several levels of justification. The first was that 
"religiously" using a loop protects the application against its own imperfect 
coding practices. The second was that it wasn't difficult to abstractly imagine 
machines and implementation code that could exploit this requirement to improve 
the performance of average condition wait operations through optimizing the 
synchronization mechanisms. 
/------------------[ [email protected] ]------------------\ 
| Compaq Computer Corporation              POSIX Thread Architect | 
|     My book: http://www.awl.com/cseng/titles/0-201-63392-2/     | 
\-----[ http://home.earthlink.net/~anneart/family/dave.html ]-----/ 

There are at least two things 'spurious wakeup' could mean:

• A thread blocked in pthread_cond_wait can return from the call even though no call to pthread_call_signal or pthread_cond_broadcast on the condition occurred.
• A thread blocked in pthread_cond_wait returns because of a call to pthread_cond_signal or pthread_cond_broadcast, however after reacquiring the mutex the underlying predicate is found to no longer be true.

But the latter case can occur even if the condition variable implementation does not allow the former case. Consider a producer consumer queue, and three threads.

• Thread 1 has just dequeued an element and released the mutex, and the queue is now empty. The thread is doing whatever it does with the element it acquired on some CPU.
• Thread 2 attempts to dequeue an element, but finds the queue to be empty when checked under the mutex, calls pthread_cond_wait, and blocks in the call awaiting signal/broadcast.
• Thread 3 obtains the mutex, inserts a new element into the queue, notifies the condition variable, and releases the lock.
• In response to the notification from thread 3, thread 2, which was waiting on the condition, is scheduled to run.
• However before thread 2 manages to get on the CPU and grab the queue lock, thread 1 completes its current task, and returns to the queue for more work. It obtains the queue lock, checks the predicate, and finds that there is work in the queue. It proceeds to dequeue the item that thread 3 inserted, releases the lock, and does whatever it does with the item that thread 3 enqueued.
• Thread 2 now gets on a CPU and obtains the lock, but when it checks the predicate, it finds that the queue is empty. Thread 1 'stole' the item, so the wakeup appears to be spurious. Thread 2 needs to wait on the condition again.

So since you already always need to check the predicate under a loop, it makes no difference if the underlying condition variables can have other sorts of spurious wakeups.

Section "Multiple Awakenings by Condition Signal" in pthread_cond_signal has an example implementation of pthread_cond_wait and pthread_cond_signal which involves spurious wakekups.