Why does the && operator produce the type of the second operand

The language specification is not maintained, and wrong in this case. The result type of the && operator is the union of the type of the right-hand side and the falsy values of the left hand side.

From the TypeScript 2.0 release notes:

// Compiled with --strictNullChecks
declare function f(x: number): string;
let x: number | null | undefined;
// ..
let b = x && f(x); // Type of b is string | 0 | null | undefined

Long story short, there's no solution here that pleases everyone.

Consider this common idiom:

var customer = GetCustomer(...); // of type 'Customer'
var address = customer && customer.address;
if(address) {
    printAddressLabel(address); // Signature: (Address) => void
} else {
    // Couldn't find the customer or the customer has no address on file
}

It'd be pretty lame to give up and decide that 'address' is 'any' because there's no best common type between Customer and Address.

In the majority of cases where the && operator is used, either the types already match, or && is being used in a value-coalescing manner like above. In either case, returning the type of the right operand gives the user the expected type.

While the type safety is technically breaking down at this point, it's not doing so in a way that's likely to result in an error. Either you're going to test the resultant value for truthiness (in which case the type is more or less irrelevant), or you're going to use the presumptive right operand for some operation (the example above doing both).

If we look at the examples you listed and pretend the left operand is indeterminately truthy or falsy and then try to write sane code that would operate on the return value, it becomes a lot clearer - there's just not much you can do with 'false && {}' that isn't already going into an 'any' argument position or truthiness test.

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Addendum

Since some people were not convinced by the above, here's a different explanation.

Let's pretend for a moment that the TypeScript type system added three new types: Truthy<T>, Falsy<T>, and Maybe<T>, representing possible truthy/falsy values of type T. The rules for these types are as follows:

1. Truthy<T> behaves exactly like T
2. You can't access any properties of Falsy<T>
3. An expression of type Maybe<T>, when used as the condition in an if block, becomes a Truthy<T> in the body of that same if block and a Falsy<T> in the else block

This would let you do things like this:

function fn(x: Maybe<Customer>) {
   if(x) {
      console.log(x.address); // OK
   } else {
      console.log(x.phone); // Error: x is definitely falsy
   }
   console.log(x.name); // Warning: x might be falsy!
}

Pretty good so far. Now we can figure out what the type rules are for the && operator.

• Truthy<T> && x should be an error - if the left side is known to be truthy, you should have just written x
• Falsy<T> && x should be an error - if the left side is known to be falsy, x is unreachable code
• Maybe<T> && x should produce... what?

We know the result of Maybe<T> && x will be either a falsy value of type T, or x. It cannot produce Truthy<T> (unless T == the type of x in which case this entire discussion is moot). Let's call this new type Falsy<T> XOR Maybe<U>.

What should the rules of Falsy<T> XOR Maybe<U> be?

• Clearly, you can't use properties of T on it. If the value is of type T, it's falsy, and not safe for use.
• You should be able to use it as a Maybe<U>, since Falsy<T> and Falsy<U> have the same behaviors
• You shouldn't be able to use properties of U, because the value still might be falsy.
• If you use it in an if test, then it should become a Truthy<U> in the block of that if statement

In other words, Falsy<T> XOR Maybe<U> is Maybe<U>. It follows all the same rules. You don't need to complicate the type system at all here by adding this weird XOR type, because a type that fits all the specifications you need already exists.

This is a bit like giving someone a box and saying "This is either an empty box of garbage, or a full box of recyclables". You can safely empty the contents of the box into the recycling bin.