Why is USB Type-A to USB Type-A never used?
USB-A male to USB-A female is fine. They exist, and are relatively common. They work just fine as USB extension cables, provided the overall length is not too long. For longer distances, active cables exist that contain an internal repeater or USB hub to regenerate the signal. However, you may run in to power delivery issues due to voltage drop.
USB-A male to USB-A male is dangerous. It is also not compliant with the USB specification. They also exist, though I am not really sure why. Perhaps because the USB-A connector is shorter than the USB-B connector, so chinese external hard drive enclosure vendors decided to use it because it was a half a cent cheaper than the proper connector. A USB-A male to USB-A male cable is similar to a line cord with a male plug on both ends. You should never, ever use one of these. There are several problems. First of all, USB does not allow two USB hosts to be connected to each other. The software stack does not support it. You cannot simply connect two computers to each other via USB and have them talk to each other without inserting some component in the middle, such as two back-to-back USB to Ethernet converters or similar. USB on-the-go is a slightly different story as a USB OTG device will switch roles between host and device. USB OTG also uses a different connector entirely, an A/B variant that accepts both A and B type connectors, which only exists in the smaller sizes.
But this is not what makes USB-A to USB-A cables dangerous. What makes them dangerous is that the USB cable provides power, and USB hosts are in general not designed to accept power coming in the wrong way. If you connect two computers together with a USB-A to USB-A cable, their 5V supplies are almost certainly not at the same voltage, so one of them will power the other one through the USB cable. This in and of itself is not really a major problem, provided the source has appropriate current limiting to prevent the cable heating up and starting a fire. The problem really comes when one of the devices is turned off. Now, you have an external 5V supply coming in to a powered-off device that isn't designed to handle it. This can damage components on the motherboard in one or both devices. Also, USB devices are in general designed to draw less than 500 mA, but whatever is hanging off of the 5V rail inside a host could draw orders of magnitude more than that.
USB-C is a different story as is specifically designed to have identical connectors on both ends. Not only that, it is explicitly designed to support charging a host device via a USB C connector. As a result, USB C devices have to be designed to handle this situation appropriately.
Because it's against the standard. The USB standard says that type A is for hosts, and type B is for devices.
In practical terms, a device with a type A connector is expected to provide power, so if you connect two of them together, they will attempt to power each other, leading most likely to Bad Things Happening. Type C gets around this by a negotiation mechanism.
USB pre-3.0 has a host side and a slave side. USB-A connectors are for the host, USB-B are for the slave.
USB 3.0 and above is peer-peer, and the USB-C connector supports that.