Why use abs() or fabs() instead of conditional negation?

The compiler will most likely do the same thing for both at the bottom layer - at least a modern competent compiler.

However, at least for floating point, you'll end up writing a few dozen lines if you want to handle all the special cases of infinity, not-a-number (NaN), negative zero and so on.

As well as it's easier to read that abs is taking the absolute value than reading that if it's less than zero, negate it.

If the compiler is "stupid", it may well end up doing worse code for a = (a < 0)?-a:a, because it forces an if (even if it's hidden), and that could well be worse than the built-in floating point abs instruction on that processor (aside from complexity of special values)

Both Clang (6.0-pre-release) and gcc (4.9.2) generates WORSE code for the second case.

I wrote this little sample:

#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>

extern int intval;
extern float floatval;

void func1()
{
    int a = std::abs(intval);
    float f = std::abs(floatval);
    intval = a;
    floatval = f;
}


void func2()
{
    int a = intval < 0?-intval:intval;
    float f = floatval < 0?-floatval:floatval;
    intval = a;
    floatval = f;
}

clang makes this code for func1:

_Z5func1v:                              # @_Z5func1v
    movl    intval(%rip), %eax
    movl    %eax, %ecx
    negl    %ecx
    cmovll  %eax, %ecx
    movss   floatval(%rip), %xmm0   # xmm0 = mem[0],zero,zero,zero
    andps   .LCPI0_0(%rip), %xmm0
    movl    %ecx, intval(%rip)
    movss   %xmm0, floatval(%rip)
    retq

_Z5func2v:                              # @_Z5func2v
    movl    intval(%rip), %eax
    movl    %eax, %ecx
    negl    %ecx
    cmovll  %eax, %ecx
    movss   floatval(%rip), %xmm0   
    movaps  .LCPI1_0(%rip), %xmm1 
    xorps   %xmm0, %xmm1
    xorps   %xmm2, %xmm2
    movaps  %xmm0, %xmm3
    cmpltss %xmm2, %xmm3
    movaps  %xmm3, %xmm2
    andnps  %xmm0, %xmm2
    andps   %xmm1, %xmm3
    orps    %xmm2, %xmm3
    movl    %ecx, intval(%rip)
    movss   %xmm3, floatval(%rip)
    retq

g++ func1:

_Z5func1v:
    movss   .LC0(%rip), %xmm1
    movl    intval(%rip), %eax
    movss   floatval(%rip), %xmm0
    andps   %xmm1, %xmm0
    sarl    $31, %eax
    xorl    %eax, intval(%rip)
    subl    %eax, intval(%rip)
    movss   %xmm0, floatval(%rip)
    ret

g++ func2:

_Z5func2v:
    movl    intval(%rip), %eax
    movl    intval(%rip), %edx
    pxor    %xmm1, %xmm1
    movss   floatval(%rip), %xmm0
    sarl    $31, %eax
    xorl    %eax, %edx
    subl    %eax, %edx
    ucomiss %xmm0, %xmm1
    jbe .L3
    movss   .LC3(%rip), %xmm1
    xorps   %xmm1, %xmm0
.L3:
    movl    %edx, intval(%rip)
    movss   %xmm0, floatval(%rip)
    ret

Note that both cases are notably more complex in the second form, and in the gcc case, it uses a branch. Clang uses more instructions, but no branch. I'm not sure which is faster on which processor models, but quite clearly more instructions is rarely better.

The first thing that comes to mind is readability.

Compare these two lines of codes:

int x = something, y = something, z = something;
// Compare
int absall = (x > 0 ? x : -x) + (y > 0 ? y : -y) + (z > 0 ? z : -z);
int absall = abs(x) + abs(y) + abs(z);

The "conditional abs" you propose is not equivalent to std::abs (or fabs) for floating point numbers, see e.g.

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main () {
    double d = -0.0;
    double a = d < 0 ? -d : d;
    std::cout << d << ' ' << a << ' ' << std::abs(d);
}

output:

-0 -0 0

Given -0.0 and 0.0 represent the same real number '0', this difference may or may not matter, depending on how the result is used. However, the abs function as specified by IEEE754 mandates the signbit of the result to be 0, which would forbid the result -0.0. I personally think anything used to calculate some "absolute value" should match this behavior.

For integers, both variants will be equivalent both in runtime and behavior. (Live example)

But as std::abs (or the fitting C equivalents) are known to be correct and easier to read, you should just always prefer those.

Why use abs() or fabs() instead of conditional negation?

Various reasons have already been stated, yet consider conditional code advantages as abs(INT_MIN) should be avoided.

---

There is a good reason to use the conditional code in lieu of abs() when the negative absolute value of an integer is sought

// Negative absolute value

int nabs(int value) {
  return -abs(value);  // abs(INT_MIN) is undefined behavior.
}

int nabs(int value) {
  return value < 0 ? value : -value; // well defined for all `int`
}

---

When a positive absolute function is needed and value == INT_MIN is a real possibility, abs(), for all its clarity and speed fails a corner case. Various alternatives

unsigned absoluteValue = value < 0 ? (0u - value) : (0u + value);