Be respectful in the restroom

Jelly, 10 9 bytes

JạþTS׬MḢ

Uses 1-based indexing. Try it online! or verify all test cases.

How it works

JạþTS׬MḢ  Main link. Argument: A (array of Booleans)

J          Yield all indices of A.
   T       Yield all truthy indices of A.
 ạþ        Compute the table of absolute differences.
    S      Compute the sums of all columns.
           For each index, this yields the sum of all distances to occupied stalls.
     ׬    Multiply each sum by the logical NOT of the corresponding Boolean in A.
           This zeroes sums that correspond to occupied stalls.
       M   Maximal; yield an array of all indices of maximal sums.
        Ḣ  Head; extract the first index.

Swift, 158, 157, 128, 100 Bytes

Takes input from the Array<Bool> variable i, returns answer from the last expression.

let e=i.characters.map{$0>"0"}.enumerate()
e.flatMap{$1 ?nil:$0}.map{a in(a,e.flatMap{$1 ?$0:nil}.map{abs(a-$0)}.reduce(0){$0+$1})}.maxElement{$0.1 < $1.1}!.0

Edit 1:

Saved a byte by converting to bools via string comparison

let e=i.characters.map{$0=="1"}.enumerate()
e.flatMap{$1 ?nil:$0}.map{a in(a,e.flatMap{$1 ?$0:nil}.map{abs(a-$0)}.reduce(0){$0+$1})}.maxElement{$0.1 < $1.1}!.0

Edit 2:

Reworked my algorithm:

let e=i.characters.map{$0=="1"}.enumerate()
e.map{x in(x.0,x.1 ?0:e.reduce(0){$1.1 ?$0+abs(x.0-$1.0):$0})}.max{$0.1<$1.1}!.0

Edit 3:

Took advantage of new rule that allows taking input directly from a boolean array.

let e=i.enumerated()
e.map{x in(x.0,x.1 ?0:e.reduce(0){$1.1 ?$0+abs(x.0-$1.0):$0})}.max{$0.1<$1.1}!.0

Ungolfed:

// for the sake of easier copy/pasting of input, take it as string
let s = "100000110000"

// convert input to true for taken, false for free
// this is the input the golfed version actually uses
let input = s.characters.map{$0>"0"}

// Returns an array of tuples storing the array values (vacancy of the stall) and their index (their location)
let valueIndexPairs = bools.enumerated()

// Returns an array of pairs of locations and their avg distance to others
let locationDistancePairs = valueIndexPairs.map{(valueIndexPair: (Int, Bool)) -> (Int, Int) in

    let averageDistance = valueIndexPairs.reduce(0) {partialSum, otherStall in

        let otherStallIsTaken = otherStall.1

        if otherStallIsTaken {
            //don't let other stalls effect average if they're taken
            return partialSum
        }
        else {
            let thisStallLocation = valueIndexPair.0
            let otherStallLocation = otherStall.0
            let distanceToOtherStall = abs(thisStallLocation - otherStallLocation)
            return partialSum + distanceToOtherStall 
        }       
    }

    //if this stall is taken, treat its average distance to others as 0
    let thisStallsLocation = valueIndexPair.0
    let isThisStallTaken = valueIndexPair.1
    return (thisStallsLocation, isThisStallTaken ? 0 : averageDistance)
}

//find location where average distance is maxiumum
let bestLocationIndexPair = locationDistancePairs.max{$0.1 < $1.1}!

let bestLocation = bestLocationIndexPair.0

print(bestLocation)

Jelly, 13 bytes

1-indexed.

³Tạ⁸S
JUÇÞḟTṪ

Try it online!

Algorithm

Naive implementation of the question.