C++ IDE that can build over SSH
This link suggest this should be possible using plink and any editor that can run plink as a compile and capture the resulting stdio and stderr output.
NetBeans allows to build over ssh. We are using this from Linux development computers to linux build machines. I am not sure if this is possible from Windows to Linux. Here is a tutorial: Tutorial
You can use Visual Slick Edit it has a scripting language which can be used to spawn commands. Btw, if your build is linux based I suggest you to edit on linux (there're various programmers editors there available for free).
In windows almost every editor worth being calling editor has the power to manage builds (often via make), so even VIM or Emacs can be productivity choices (yeah I'm not a big fans of IDEs, my actual editor is VIM with a good tons of vimscripts and yeah, I've got code navigation, error browsing and the speed of light while typing - and the same is possible with emacs).
Ultraedit is another editor able to Edit file over ftp (and maybe over SSH), but I doubt it can spawn a remote make and fetch results.
If you're not reliyng on builds, but just compiling, maybe is worth checking the Cygwin porject and see if you can arrange a compilation under Windows, then for the build manually resort to the Linux box, this would probably remove the compilation problem (every programmer will compile on his box, and only builds (compile+link) would be left on the linux box.