Defining abstract varieties and their morphisms over a finitely generated subfield of the base field

This is treated (in much greater generality) in EGA IV$_3$, Théorème 8.8.2. The existence of $X_0$ and $Y_0$ follows from part (ii), whereas the existence of $f_0$ is part (i).

References.

[EGA IV$_3$] A. Grothendieck, Éléments de géométrie algébrique. IV: Étude locale des schémas et des morphismes de schémas. (Troisième partie). Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 28, 1-255 (1966). ZBL0144.19904. DOI: 10.1007/BF02684343

A variety $V$ is a finite union of open affine varieties $V_i$, and because $V$ is separated (usually part of the definition of variety) the intersections $V_i\cap V_j$ are also affine. Now $V$ can be reconstructed from the affine varieties $V_i,V_i\cap V_j$ and the maps of affine varieties $V_i\cap V_j\to V_i$. Obviously, this system is defined over a finitely generated field. Hence $X$ and $V$ are defined over a finitely generated field. The graph of $f$ is a closed subvariety of $X\times V$, and so is defined by a coherent sheaf of ideals in the structure sheaf of $X\times V$, which is obviously defined over a finitely generated field.