Forcing subfigures to have same height and take overall X% of linewidth in LaTeX
You can include them to the same (more or less arbitrary) height then scale them together to the desired width
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}% images from mwe package
\begin{document}
\noindent X\dotfill X
\begin{center}
\resizebox{.9\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics[height=3cm]{example-image-a}%
\quad
\includegraphics[height=3cm]{example-image-16x9}%
}
\end{center}
\end{document}
You can use the subcaption
package and do the computation as suggested by David.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}% images from mwe package
\usepackage{subcaption}
\newlength{\twosubht}
\newsavebox{\twosubbox}
\begin{document}
\noindent\hrulefill The text width\hrulefill
\begin{center}
\makebox[.9\textwidth]{\hrulefill 90\% of text width\hrulefill}
\end{center}
\begin{figure}[htp]
% preliminary
\sbox\twosubbox{%
\resizebox{\dimexpr.9\textwidth-1em}{!}{%
\includegraphics[height=3cm]{example-image-a}%
\includegraphics[height=3cm]{example-image-16x9}%
}%
}
\setlength{\twosubht}{\ht\twosubbox}
% typeset
\centering
\subcaptionbox{First\label{f}}{%
\includegraphics[height=\twosubht]{example-image-a}%
}\quad
\subcaptionbox{Second\label{s}}{%
\includegraphics[height=\twosubht]{example-image-16x9}%
}
\caption{The caption}
\end{figure}
\end{document}