Hooking up multiple RGB LEDs while using a minimal number of PWM pins on an Arduino?

Fairly simple. Just using npn transistors. Duplicate per color channel.

enter image description here

Your transistor can sink up to 600mA continuously. At 20mA per led, 4 per channel, that's only 80mA. That's more than enough.

But make sure your power supply can support that. 80 * 3, that's 240mA on the leds alone, not including the rest of the arduino, the transistor base, anything else you are using.

OP Provided a Fritzing Diagram of the answer as well: enter image description here


These diagrams/images might be better to visually see whats going on:

COMMON ANODE RGB w/ TRANSISTOR

COMMON CATHODE RGB w/ TRANSISTOR

Side note

@Passerby: Where did you get that schematic image in your post?