How can I iterate over a recordset within a stored procedure?

You need to create a cursor to loop through the record set.

Example Table:

CREATE TABLE Customers
(
    CustomerId INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY(1,1)
    ,FirstName Varchar(50) 
    ,LastName VARCHAR(40)
)

INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('jane', 'doe')
INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('bob', 'smith')

Cursor:

DECLARE @CustomerId INT, @FirstName VARCHAR(30), @LastName VARCHAR(50)

DECLARE @MessageOutput VARCHAR(100)

DECLARE Customer_Cursor CURSOR FOR 
    SELECT CustomerId, FirstName, LastName FROM Customers


OPEN Customer_Cursor 

FETCH NEXT FROM Customer_Cursor INTO
    @CustomerId, @FirstName, @LastName

WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
    SET @MessageOutput = @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName



    RAISERROR(@MessageOutput,0,1) WITH NOWAIT

    FETCH NEXT FROM Customer_Cursor INTO
    @CustomerId, @FirstName, @LastName
END
CLOSE Customer_Cursor
DEALLOCATE Customer_Cursor

Here is a link to MSDN on how to create them.

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms180169.aspx

This is why I used Raise Error instead of PRINT for output.
http://structuredsight.com/2014/11/24/wait-wait-dont-tell-me-on-second-thought/

try this (cursor free looping):

CREATE TABLE #Results  (RowID  int identity(1,1), Col1  varchar(5), Col2 int, ... )
DECLARE @Current  int
       ,@End      int
DECLARE @Col1  varchar(5)
       ,@Col2 int
       ,...

--you need to capture the result set from the primary stored procedure
INSERT INTO #Results
    (Col1, COl2,...)
    EXEC nameofstoredprocedure_1 arg1, arg2, arg3
SELECT @End=@@ROWCOUNT,@Current=0

--process each row in the result set
WHILE @Current<@End
BEGIN
    SET @Current=@Current+1

    SELECT
        @Col1=COl1, @Col2=Col2
        FROM #Results
        WHERE RowID=@Current

    --call the secondary procedure for each row
    EXEC nameofstoredprocedure_2  @Col1, @Col2,...

END

working example:

CREATE PROCEDURE nameofstoredprocedure_1
(@arg1 int, @arg2 int, @arg3 int)
AS
SELECT 'AAA',@arg1 UNION SELECT 'BBB',@arg2 UNION SELECT 'CCC',@arg3
GO

CREATE PROCEDURE nameofstoredprocedure_2
(@P1 varchar(5), @P2 int)
AS
PRINT '>>'+ISNULL(@P1,'')+','+ISNULL(CONVERT(varchar(10),@P2),'')
GO

CREATE TABLE #Results  (RowID  int identity(1,1), Col1  varchar(5), Col2 int)
DECLARE @Current  int
       ,@End      int
DECLARE @Col1  varchar(5)
       ,@Col2 int


INSERT INTO #Results
    (Col1, COl2)
    EXEC nameofstoredprocedure_1 111, 222, 333
SELECT @End=@@ROWCOUNT,@Current=0

WHILE @Current<@End
BEGIN
    SET @Current=@Current+1

    SELECT
        @Col1=COl1, @Col2=Col2
        FROM #Results
        WHERE RowID=@Current

    EXEC nameofstoredprocedure_2  @Col1, @Col2

END

OUTPUT:

(3 row(s) affected)
>>AAA,111
>>BBB,222
>>CCC,333

It's very easy to loop through the rows in SQL procedure. You just need to use a cursor. Here is an example:

Let us consider a table Employee with column NAME and AGE with 50 records into it and you have to execute a stored procedure say TESTPROC which will take name and age parameters of each row.

create procedure CursorProc
as
begin
   declare @count bigint;
   declare @age varchar(500)
   declare @name varchar(500)
   select @count = (select count(*) from employee)
   declare FirstCursor cursor for select name, age from employee
   open FirstCursor 
   while @count > 0
      begin
         fetch FirstCursor into @name, @age
         Exec TestProc @name, @age
         set @count = @count - 1
      end
   close FirstCursor 
   deallocate FirstCursor 
end

Make sure you deallocate the cursor to avoid errors.