How to add html after a certain div using Prototype JS?

Use the Element.insert method:

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
  $$(".header").first().insert({ after: "<p>Some html</p>" });
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/prototype/1/prototype.js"></script>

<div class="header">Header div</div>
<div class="one-basic-div">Other div</div>


Use insert:

$$('#header').insert({ 'after' : theHTML });

That should insert it as a sibling after the div with id header.

There are some helpful examples here, the documentation seems to be lacking, somewhat.