How to query NOT LIKE?

You have your parentheses wrong.

Instead of:

NOT(Field__c LIKE 'fuzzymatch')

Use:

(NOT Field__c LIKE 'fuzzymatch')

Better to change SOQL like this, it will work

List<User> users = [SELECT Id, Name, Email, ProfileId 
FROM User WHERE (NOT Email LIKE '%@example.com') 
AND (ProfileId NOT IN:profileIds.keySet())];

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