How to teach Xcode to include all header files in output of static library project?

Xcode automatically adds a build phase to copy the headers to the product directory. You can add new header files to this build phase:

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Update:

You can also use "Copy Headers" build phase instead:

Editor menu > Add Build Phase > Add Copy Headers Build Phase.

And the header files will be added automatically to one of the categories when you add them to the project:

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More info about this build phase and the three categories from iOS Developer Library.