In a spherically symmetric central potential why do we look for eigenfunctions of the angular momentum operator?

Well, to put it shortly, it's just because $L^2$ and $L_z$ are two observables that have no $r$ dependence. Since the kinetic terms of $H$ can be written as functions of $r$ and $L^2$, and the potential depends only on $r$, it is clear that the Hamiltonian commutes with the angular momenta. As such, it makes sense to write down $Y$ in terms of these two.

But if we'd like to go a little deeper, it is a bit related to representation theory. The fact that $L^2$ and $L_z$ form a complete description of vector rotations (they represent the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{so}(3)$ of the Lie group $\mathrm{SO}(3)$) and therefore are the most natural way to express the angular dependence of a rotation-invariant space in terms of orthonormalizable functions.

After reading @ZeroTheHero 's comment, i figured it would be instructive to provide some intuition as to why angular momentum does not depend on radius. Remember the classical definition

$$\mathbf L=\mathbf r\times\mathbf p$$

Let's then give and estimate of $L$. Suppose an atom or something has some characteristic radius $R$, and the electron moves with some characteristic momentum $p$. Then we estimate

$$L\sim Rp$$ But the de Broigle relation gives us an estimate of momentum in terms of the characteristic length

$$p\sim\frac{h}{R}$$

Where $h$ is Planck's constant. As such, out estimate for angular momentum amounts to

$$L\sim h,$$

Which has no explicit dependence on characteristic lengths of the system. As such it is reasonable to say it has no $r$ dependence, even though I've not given a rigorous proof.

One objective of quantum mechanics is to fully labelled states of the system. In some cases energy is not enough: for instance in the hydrogen atom some energy levels occur more than once; the same happens in the 3d harmonic oscillator. In such cases, simply giving the energy is not enough to completely identify the state so we look for other ``quantum numbers'' to refine the identification.

Of course one would prefer to label states with constants of motion, since they are constant so what we call state $n\ell m$ at the start we can use the same name at the end. Hence the idea of using a complete set of commuting operators - the Hamiltonian and others that commute with it - so as to uniquely identify the quantum states with constants of motion.

Of course when the potential is spherical $V(r)$, what enters in the radial part of the Schrödinger equation is actually the effective potential $$ V_{eff }=V(r)+\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{\ell(\ell+1)}{r^2} \tag{1} $$ and so you see that the radial Schrödinger equation actually explicitly contains an angular momentum part so it is quite natural to look for functions $\psi(r,\theta,\phi)$ which are also eigenfunctions $Y^\ell_m(\theta,\phi)$ of $\hat L^2$ as these will provide the correct extra factor in Eq.(1) when separating the variables. Since there are many functions $Y^\ell_m(\theta,\phi)$ with the same $\hbar^2\ell(\ell+1)$, one uses the eigenvalue $\hbar m$ of $\hat L_z$ to distinguish them.