Analyzing $\biggl\lfloor{\frac{x}{5}}\bigg\rfloor=\bigg\lfloor{\frac{x}{7}}\bigg\rfloor$

Rewrite the given condition as $$5n\le x<5n+5,\quad 7n\le x<7n+7$$ where $n$ is an integer. Since $x\ge0$, $n\ge0$ as well, so the above is equivalent to $7n\le x<5n+5$. The only nonnegative integers $n$ satisfying $7n<5n+5$ are $0$, $1$, and $2$. And so just a little cleanup is needed.