How do you set only certain bits of a byte in C without affecting the rest?

You can set all those bits to 0 by bitwise-anding with the 4 bits set to 0 and all other set to 1 (This is the complement of the 4 bits set to 1). You can then bitwise-or in the bits as you would normally.

ie

 val &= ~0xf; // Clear lower 4 bits. Note: ~0xf == 0xfffffff0
 val |= lower4Bits & 0xf; // Worth anding with the 4 bits set to 1 to make sure no
                          // other bits are set.

In general:

value = (value & ~mask) | (newvalue & mask);

mask is a value with all bits to be changed (and only them) set to 1 - it would be 0xf in your case. newvalue is a value that contains the new state of those bits - all other bits are essentially ignored.

This will work for all types for which bitwise operators are supported.

Use bitwise operator or | when you want to change the bit of a byte from 0 to 1.

Use bitwise operator and & when you want to change the bit of a byte from 1 to 0

Example

#include <stdio.h>

int byte;
int chb;

int main() {
// Change bit 2 of byte from 0 to 1
byte = 0b10101010;    
chb = 0b00000100;       //0 to 1 changer byte
printf("%d\n",byte);    // display current status of byte

byte = byte | chb;      // perform 0 to 1 single bit changing operation
printf("%d\n",byte);

// Change bit 2 of byte back from 1 to 0
chb = 0b11111011;       //1 to 0 changer byte

byte = byte & chb;      // perform 1 to 0 single bit changing operation
printf("%d\n",byte);
}

Maybe there are better ways, I dont know. This will help you for now.