In Lisp (Clojure, Emacs Lisp), what is the difference between list and quote?

In Common Lisp, quoted objects are constant literal data. You should not modify this data, as the consequences are undefined. Possible consequences are: modification of shared data, attempt to modify read-only data, an error might be signalled, it might just work, ...

For lists:

'(1 2 3)

Above is a constant list, which will be constructed by the reader and evaluating to itself, because it is quoted. If it appears in Lisp code, a compiler will embed this data somehow in the FASL code.

(quote (1 2 3)) is another way to write it.

(list 1 2 3)

this is a call of the Common Lisp function LIST with three arguments 1, 2 and 3. When evaluated the result is a fresh new list (1 2 3).

Similar:

'(1 . 2)   and  (cons 1 2)

'#(1 2 3)  and  (vector 1 2 3)

One is the literal data and the other is a function call that constructs such a data structure.

Quoted lists (e.g. '(1 2 3)) should be treated carefully (generally as read-only). (see SO answers When to use 'quote in Lisp and When to use 'quote in Lisp).

(list 1 2 3) will "cons" up a fresh list, independent of all others.

You can see an example of a pitfall of using quoted lists in the manual for nconc.

And, as you probably know, when you call 'list - the arguments will obviously be evaluated versus the contents of a quoted list. And 'quote takes a single argument, versus 'lists variable number of arguments.

(list (+ 1 2) 3)     -->  (3 3)
(quote ((+ 1 2) 3))  -->  ((+ 1 2) 3)

The primary difference is that quote prevents evaluation of the elements, whereas list does not:

user=> '(1 2 (+ 1 2))
(1 2 (+ 1 2))
user=> (list 1 2 (+ 1 2))
(1 2 3)

For this reason (among others), it is idiomatic clojure to use a vector when describing a literal collection:

user=> [1 2 (+ 1 2)]
[1 2 3]