Place two multiline TextViews with wrap_content width on both sides of the parent view

You can use both LinearLayout or ConstraintLayout, and the main here is android:maxWidth this we need to give one view and the other view will get adjust based on that.

ConstraintLayout example

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/start"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/end"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        android:text="Loooooooooong Texxxxxxxt!!!!!!!!!!!!" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/end"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:maxWidth="250dp"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        android:text="May be this is short"/>

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

LinearLayout Example:

<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal">

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        android:text="Loooooooooong Texxxxxxxt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" />

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:maxWidth="250dp"
        android:text="May be this is short with maxwidth"/>

</LinearLayout>

Have you tried Flexbox layout? Looks like it covers your case.

<RelativeLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/left"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:gravity="left" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/right"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:layout_toLeftOf="@id/left"
        android:gravity="right" />

</RelativeLayout>

note that left TextView may occupy whole available space if got very long text, so you may add some maxWidth param - if its not supported by TextView itself then you may wrap first one into LinearLayout (which supports maxWidth for shure). another way may be to use TableLayout and TableRow views or ConstraintLayout