Using Numpy (np.linalg.svd) for Singular Value Decomposition

I think there are still some important points for those who use SVD in Python/linalg library. Firstly, https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.linalg.svd.html is a good reference for SVD computation function.

Taking SVD computation as A= U D (V^T), For U, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A), this function returns V in V^T form already. Also D contains eigenvalues only, hence it has to be shaped into matrix form. Hence the reconstruction can be formed with

import numpy as np
U, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A)
A_reconstructed = U @ np.diag(D) @ V

The point is that, If A matrix is not a square but rectangular matrix, this won't work, you can use this instead

import numpy as np
U, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A)
m, n = A.shape
A_reconstructed = U[:,:n] @ np.diag(D) @ V[:m,:]

or you may use 'full_matrices=False' option in the SVD function;

import numpy as np
U, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A,full_matrices=False)
A_reconstructed = U @ np.diag(D) @ V

TL;DR: numpy's SVD computes X = PDQ, so the Q is already transposed.

SVD decomposes the matrix X effectively into rotations P and Q and the diagonal matrix D. The version of linalg.svd() I have returns forward rotations for P and Q. You don't want to transform Q when you calculate X_a.

import numpy as np
X = np.random.normal(size=[20,18])
P, D, Q = np.linalg.svd(X, full_matrices=False)
X_a = np.matmul(np.matmul(P, np.diag(D)), Q)
print(np.std(X), np.std(X_a), np.std(X - X_a))

I get: 1.02, 1.02, 1.8e-15, showing that X_a very accurately reconstructs X.

If you are using Python 3, the @ operator implements matrix multiplication and makes the code easier to follow:

import numpy as np
X = np.random.normal(size=[20,18])
P, D, Q = np.linalg.svd(X, full_matrices=False)
X_a = P @ diag(D) @ Q
print(np.std(X), np.std(X_a), np.std(X - X_a))
print('Is X close to X_a?', np.isclose(X, X_a).all())