Is there a simple pattern to memorize the sine of $0^\circ$, $15^\circ$, $30^\circ$, $45^\circ$, $60^\circ$, $75^\circ$, $90^\circ$?

Hmm, this pattern works:

$$ \sin 0^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{4}}, \\ \sin 15^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}, \\ \color{gray}{\sin 22.5^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}},} \\ \sin 30^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{1}}, \\ \sin 45^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2\pm\sqrt{0}}, \\ \sin 60^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{1}}, \\ \color{gray}{\sin 67.5^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}},} \\ \sin 75^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}, \\ \sin 90^{\circ} = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{4}}. $$

This answer is inspired from Oleg567's answer. (I should say, I will explain why does this beautiful sequence appears.)

Firstly we know that: (It should be the really amazing and beautiful sequence) $$\cos 0^\circ=\dfrac{\sqrt{4}}{2}\quad\cos 30^\circ=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\quad\cos 45^\circ=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\\cos 60^\circ=\dfrac{\sqrt{1}}{2}\quad\cos 90^\circ=\dfrac{\sqrt{0}}{2}\quad\cos 120^\circ=-\dfrac{\sqrt{1}}{2}\\\cos 135^\circ=-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\quad\cos 150^\circ=-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\quad\cos 180^\circ=-\dfrac{\sqrt{4}}{2}\\$$ Then, we'll use the half-angle formula $\sin^2 \dfrac{\theta}{2} = \dfrac{1-\cos\theta}{2}$

$\because 0^\circ \le\theta\le 180^\circ \rightarrow 0^\circ \le\dfrac{\theta}{2}\le 90^\circ \\ \therefore \sin \dfrac{\theta}{2} = \sqrt{\dfrac{1-\cos\theta}{2}}\ge 0 \\ \text{The }\cos\theta\text{ we want are all in the form }\pm\dfrac{\sqrt{n}}{2}\text{ where }n=0,1,2,3,4 \\ \quad\sin \dfrac{\theta}{2}\\=\sqrt{\dfrac{1\mp\frac{\sqrt{n}}{2}}{2}}\\=\sqrt{\dfrac{2\mp\sqrt{n}}{4}}\\=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2\mp\sqrt{n}}$

Therefore, we get the the result below: $$\sin 0^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(0^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{4}}\quad\sin 15^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(30^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{3}}\\\sin 22.5^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(45^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}\quad\sin 30^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(60^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\sqrt{1}}\\\sin 45^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(90^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2\mp\sqrt{0}}\quad\sin 60^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(120^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{1}}\\\sin 67.5^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(135^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}\quad\sin 75^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(150^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}\\\sin 90^\circ=\sin \dfrac{1}{2}\left(180^\circ\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\sqrt{4}}$$