Is there a way to invert the colors of the images only in Chrome?

This may be a hack but since you tagged this as Chrome we are able to use -webkit-filter to invert images with CSS.

Maybe make an extension out of that or use a bookmarklet (like below) on each page.

javascript:var%20imgs=document.getElementsByTagName("img");for(i=0;i<imgs.length;i++){imgs[i].setAttribute("style","-webkit-filter:invert(100%)");};

Edit 1: I found Reluminate, a chrome extention that does what you want. It's a less hacky solution.

Edit 2: Vendor prefixes (i.e webkit-) are not needed since CSS filters are pretty standard now.