laravel 4 -> get column names

New Answer

At the time I gave this answer Laravel hadn't a way to do this directly, but now you can just:

$columns = Schema::getColumnListing('users');

Old Answer

Using attributes won't work because if you do

$model = new ModelName;

You have no attributes set to that model and you'll get nothing.

Then there is still no real option for that, so I had to go down to the database level and this is my BaseModel:

<?php

class BaseModel extends \Eloquent {

    public function getAllColumnsNames()
    {
        switch (DB::connection()->getConfig('driver')) {
            case 'pgsql':
                $query = "SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '".$this->table."'";
                $column_name = 'column_name';
                $reverse = true;
                break;

            case 'mysql':
                $query = 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->table;
                $column_name = 'Field';
                $reverse = false;
                break;

            case 'sqlsrv':
                $parts = explode('.', $this->table);
                $num = (count($parts) - 1);
                $table = $parts[$num];
                $query = "SELECT column_name FROM ".DB::connection()->getConfig('database').".INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = N'".$table."'";
                $column_name = 'column_name';
                $reverse = false;
                break;

            default: 
                $error = 'Database driver not supported: '.DB::connection()->getConfig('driver');
                throw new Exception($error);
                break;
        }

        $columns = array();

        foreach(DB::select($query) as $column)
        {
            $columns[] = $column->$column_name;
        }

        if($reverse)
        {
            $columns = array_reverse($columns);
        }

        return $columns;
    }

}

Use it doing:

$model = User::find(1);

dd( $model->getAllColumnsNames() );

You may try Schema::getColumnListing('tablename'):

$columns = Schema::getColumnListing('users'); // users table
dd($columns); // dump the result and die

Result would be something like this depending on your table:

array (size=12)
  0 => string 'id' (length=2)
  1 => string 'role_id' (length=7)
  2 => string 'first_name' (length=10)
  3 => string 'last_name' (length=9)
  4 => string 'email' (length=5)
  5 => string 'username' (length=8)
  6 => string 'password' (length=8)
  7 => string 'remember_token' (length=14)
  8 => string 'bio' (length=3)
  9 => string 'created_at' (length=10)
  10 => string 'updated_at' (length=10)
  11 => string 'deleted_at' (length=10)

You can dig down into DB's Doctrine instance.

$columns = DB::connection()
  ->getDoctrineSchemaManager()
  ->listTableColumns('table');

foreach($columns as $column) {
  print $column->getName();
  print $column->getType()->getName();
  print $column->getDefault();
  print $column->getLength();
}

edit: Doctrine is no longer (as of L4.1) installed by default (it's a 'suggested' rather than 'required' package), but can be added to your composer.json as doctrine/dbal to retain this functionality.