PHP How to parse pkcs7 signature blob?

Unfortunatelly, I believe there is not simple solution. If you want to parse PKCS#7 DER encoded signature in PHP, you need some ASN.1 parser. OpenSSL functions in PHP are not capable to do it.

Do any PHP libraries exist for parsing ASN.1 or generating PHP code based on it?

Try to decode your DER data with some of referenced parsers. If any parser will work, you should be able to see and extract required information. As first step, you can try online parser from phpseclib project.

http://phpseclib.sourceforge.net/x509/asn1parse.php