Quickest way to convert a base 10 number to any base in .NET?

I recently blogged about this. My implementation does not use any string operations during the calculations, which makes it very fast. Conversion to any numeral system with base from 2 to 36 is supported:

/// <summary>
/// Converts the given decimal number to the numeral system with the
/// specified radix (in the range [2, 36]).
/// </summary>
/// <param name="decimalNumber">The number to convert.</param>
/// <param name="radix">The radix of the destination numeral system (in the range [2, 36]).</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string DecimalToArbitrarySystem(long decimalNumber, int radix)
{
    const int BitsInLong = 64;
    const string Digits = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

    if (radix < 2 || radix > Digits.Length)
        throw new ArgumentException("The radix must be >= 2 and <= " + Digits.Length.ToString());

    if (decimalNumber == 0)
        return "0";

    int index = BitsInLong - 1;
    long currentNumber = Math.Abs(decimalNumber);
    char[] charArray = new char[BitsInLong];

    while (currentNumber != 0)
    {
        int remainder = (int)(currentNumber % radix);
        charArray[index--] = Digits[remainder];
        currentNumber = currentNumber / radix;
    }

    string result = new String(charArray, index + 1, BitsInLong - index - 1);
    if (decimalNumber < 0)
    {
        result = "-" + result;
    }

    return result;
}

I've also implemented a fast inverse function in case anyone needs it too: Arbitrary to Decimal Numeral System.


Convert.ToString can be used to convert a number to its equivalent string representation in a specified base.

Example:

string binary = Convert.ToString(5, 2); // convert 5 to its binary representation
Console.WriteLine(binary);              // prints 101

However, as pointed out by the comments, Convert.ToString only supports the following limited - but typically sufficient - set of bases: 2, 8, 10, or 16.

Update (to meet the requirement to convert to any base):

I'm not aware of any method in the BCL which is capable to convert numbers to any base so you would have to write your own small utility function. A simple sample would look like that (note that this surely can be made faster by replacing the string concatenation):

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // convert to binary
        string binary = IntToString(42, new char[] { '0', '1' });

        // convert to hexadecimal
        string hex = IntToString(42, 
            new char[] { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
                         'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'});

        // convert to hexavigesimal (base 26, A-Z)
        string hexavigesimal = IntToString(42, 
            Enumerable.Range('A', 26).Select(x => (char)x).ToArray());

        // convert to sexagesimal
        string xx = IntToString(42, 
            new char[] { '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9',
            'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z',
            'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x'});
    }

    public static string IntToString(int value, char[] baseChars)
    {
        string result = string.Empty;
        int targetBase = baseChars.Length;

        do
        {
            result = baseChars[value % targetBase] + result;
            value = value / targetBase;
        } 
        while (value > 0);

        return result;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// An optimized method using an array as buffer instead of 
    /// string concatenation. This is faster for return values having 
    /// a length > 1.
    /// </summary>
    public static string IntToStringFast(int value, char[] baseChars)
    {
        // 32 is the worst cast buffer size for base 2 and int.MaxValue
        int i = 32;
        char[] buffer = new char[i];
        int targetBase= baseChars.Length;

        do
        {
            buffer[--i] = baseChars[value % targetBase];
            value = value / targetBase;
        }
        while (value > 0);

        char[] result = new char[32 - i];
        Array.Copy(buffer, i, result, 0, 32 - i);

        return new string(result);
    }
}

Update 2 (Performance Improvement)

Using an array buffer instead of string concatenation to build the result string gives a performance improvement especially on large number (see method IntToStringFast). In the best case (i.e. the longest possible input) this method is roughly three times faster. However, for 1-digit numbers (i.e. 1-digit in the target base), IntToString will be faster.


FAST "FROM" AND "TO" METHODS

I am late to the party, but I compounded previous answers and improved over them. I think these two methods are faster than any others posted so far. I was able to convert 1,000,000 numbers from and to base 36 in under 400ms in a single core machine.

Example below is for base 62. Change the BaseChars array to convert from and to any other base.

private static readonly char[] BaseChars = 
         "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".ToCharArray();
private static readonly Dictionary<char, int> CharValues = BaseChars
           .Select((c,i)=>new {Char=c, Index=i})
           .ToDictionary(c=>c.Char,c=>c.Index);

public static string LongToBase(long value)
{
   long targetBase = BaseChars.Length;
   // Determine exact number of characters to use.
   char[] buffer = new char[Math.Max( 
              (int) Math.Ceiling(Math.Log(value + 1, targetBase)), 1)];

   var i = buffer.Length;
   do
   {
       buffer[--i] = BaseChars[value % targetBase];
       value = value / targetBase;
   }
   while (value > 0);

   return new string(buffer, i, buffer.Length - i);
}

public static long BaseToLong(string number) 
{ 
    char[] chrs = number.ToCharArray(); 
    int m = chrs.Length - 1; 
    int n = BaseChars.Length, x;
    long result = 0; 
    for (int i = 0; i < chrs.Length; i++)
    {
        x = CharValues[ chrs[i] ];
        result += x * (long)Math.Pow(n, m--);
    }
    return result;  
} 

EDIT (2018-07-12)

Fixed to address the corner case found by @AdrianBotor (see comments) converting 46655 to base 36. This is caused by a small floating-point error calculating Math.Log(46656, 36) which is exactly 3, but .NET returns 3 + 4.44e-16, which causes an extra character in the output buffer.


One can also use slightly modified version of the accepted one and adjust base characters string to it's needs:

public static string Int32ToString(int value, int toBase)
{
    string result = string.Empty;
    do
    {
        result = "0123456789ABCDEF"[value % toBase] + result;
        value /= toBase;
    }
    while (value > 0);

    return result;
}