Trying to visualize the Collatz conjecture
If you want to make several sequences of the Collatz function for turning it into a graph, you probably want to memorize, which parts you already calculated. What we try to do is to create a graph like this (image from xkcd):
When we would calculate the whole chain for each number until it (hopefully) reaches the end sequence 8,4,1 we do a lot of work over and over again. Therefore, we want an algorithm that when calculating 24 stops at 10 if this chain has already be calculated.
A moderately understandable solution is to use a Module
that contains a function which is used as memory
to store, whether a numbers was already seen. Additionally, we use a Internal`Bag
to store all the different chains. The following function takes a list of positive numbers and calculates the Collatz-sequence for each number. It stops each sequence, when it meets a number that has already be seen:
CollatzSequence[list_] := Module[{memory, tmp, chain, result = Internal`Bag[]},
memory[1] = False;
memory[n_] := (memory[n] = False; True);
Do[
chain = Internal`Bag[];
tmp = l;
While[memory[tmp],
Internal`StuffBag[chain, tmp];
tmp = If[EvenQ[tmp], tmp/2, 3 tmp + 1];
];
Internal`StuffBag[chain, tmp];
Internal`StuffBag[result, chain],
{l, list}];
Internal`BagPart[#, All] & /@ Internal`BagPart[result, All]
]
CollatzSequence[{10, 11, 12}]
(* {{10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1}, {11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20,
10}, {12, 6, 3, 10}} *)
This can now easily be used to create a Graph
. It works even for a very large number of chains like say 50000. The only thing you have to do is to turn the list of numbers into list of edges:
Graph[
Flatten[(Rule @@@ Partition[#, 2, 1]) & /@
CollatzSequence[Range[50000]]],
PerformanceGoal -> "Speed",
GraphLayout -> {"PackingLayout" -> "ClosestPacking"},
VertexStyle -> Opacity[0.2, RGBColor[44/51, 10/51, 47/255]],
EdgeStyle -> RGBColor[38/255, 139/255, 14/17]]
Another very nice way to visualize Collatz-sequences is to draw them as path which makes left/right turns depending on the whether the number is odd or even. I got inspired by a reddit post and wrote my own version that uses this color scheme. The results look stunningly beautiful
Only for reference, let me give you my uncleaned code for a small Manipulate
that lets you change everything live.
SetAttributes[Collatz, {Listable}];
Collatz[n_, e_, a_, f_] := Module[{nn = n, bag = Internal`Bag[]},
While[nn =!= 1, Internal`StuffBag[bag, nn];
nn = If[EvenQ[nn], nn/2, 3 nn + 1]
];
Internal`StuffBag[bag, nn];
With[{seq = Reverse[Internal`BagPart[bag, All]]},
AnglePath[Transpose[{seq/(1 + seq^e), a*(f - 2 Mod[seq, 2])}]]]];
astroIntensity[l_, s_, r_, h_, g_] :=
With[{psi = 2 Pi (s/3 + r l), a = h l^g (1 - l^g)/2},
l^g + a*{{-0.14861, 1.78277}, {-0.29227, -0.90649}, {1.97294,
0.0}}.{Cos[psi], Sin[psi]}];
Manipulate[
DynamicModule[{seq},
seq = ControlActive[Collatz[Range[5000, 5020], e, a, f],
Collatz[RandomInteger[1000000, {n}], e, a, f]];
Graphics[{Opacity[o], Thickness[ControlActive[0.01, 0.003]],
Line[seq,
VertexColors -> (Table[
astroIntensity[l, s, r, h, g], {l, 0, 1,
1/(Length[#] - 1)}] & /@ seq)]}, ImageSize -> 500]
]
, "Colors", {{s, 2.49}, 0, 3}, {{r, 0.76}, 0, 5}, {{h, 1.815}, 0,
2}, {{g, 1.3}, 0.1, 2}, {{o, 0.5}, 0.1, 1},
Delimiter,
"Structure",
{{e, 1.3}, 0.9, 1.8},
{{a, 0.19}, 0.1, 0.3},
{{f, 0.7}, 0.1, 1.5},
{n, 300, 5000, 1}
]
Many more Collatz visualization strategies and analysis algorithms can be found in this blog post of user vzn.
This is the Collatz function I know:
Collatz[1] := {1}
Collatz[n_Integer] := Prepend[Collatz[3 n + 1], n] /; OddQ[n] && n > 0
Collatz[n_Integer] := Prepend[Collatz[n/2], n] /; EvenQ[n] && n > 0
Generating a graph from this is easy:
Graph[(DirectedEdge @@@ Partition[Collatz[#], 2, 1]) & /@ Range[500] // Flatten // Union,
EdgeShapeFunction -> GraphElementData[{"Arrow", "ArrowSize" -> .005}],
GraphLayout -> "LayeredDrawing"]
or with a different layout and with labeling:
Graph[(DirectedEdge @@@ Partition[Collatz[#], 2, 1]) & /@ Range[100] //
Flatten // Union, GraphLayout -> "RadialEmbedding",
VertexLabels -> "Name"]
A very fast version using memoization:
Collatz[1] := {1}
Collatz[n_Integer] := Collatz[n] = Prepend[Collatz[3 n + 1], n] /; OddQ[n] && n > 0
Collatz[n_Integer] := Collatz[n] = Prepend[Collatz[n/2], n] /; EvenQ[n] && n > 0
For a range of the first 5000 integers this gives a speedup of about a factor of 250. You might want to do a ClearAll[Collatz]
afterwards to cleanup memory from all the stored chains.