Use Custom Label in Lightning Component array of String attribute

// Top component .cmp file

<aura:attribute type="String[]" name="values" default="[]" access="private" />

//Top component controller

({
  doInit: function(component, event, helper) {
    const values = [
      $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel"),
      $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel2"),
      $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel3"),
      $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel4"),
        /* ... */
    ];

    component.set('v.values', values);
 }
})

// Give columns to subcomponent

<c:radioGroup label="Question" values="{! v.values }" />

I have done this with checkboxes in this github repo.

It seems the best way to populate the radio button group and keep track of what is clicked is to populate the options via javascript.

<aura:component >

<aura:attribute name="values" 
                type="String[]" 
                default="['All',
                        'Nike',
                        'Puma',
                        'Adidas',
                        'Under Armor',
                        'Diadora',
                        'Reebok']"
                description=""
                />    

<aura:attribute name="fieldOptions" type="Object[]" default="[]" />

<aura:handler name="init" 
              value="{!this}" 
              action="{!c.doInit}"
              description=""
              />

<fieldset class="slds-form-element">
    <legend class="slds-form-element__legend slds-form-element__label">Radio Group Label</legend>
    <div class="slds-form-element__control">
    <aura:iteration items="{!v.fieldOptions}" var="fld">
        <span class="slds-radio">
            <input type="radio" id="{!fld.valueId}" name="options" checked="{! fld.value }" />
            <label class="slds-radio__label" for="{!fld.valueId}">
                <span class="slds-radio--faux"></span>
                <span class="slds-form-element__label">{! fld.label }</span>
            </label>
        </span>        
    </aura:iteration>
    </div>
</fieldset>

The controller code is as follows:

({
doInit : function(component, event, helper) {
    // Populate Checkboxes
    var labelList = component.get("v.values");
    var optsList = [];
    for(var j=0; j<labelList.length; j=j+1) {
        optsList.push(
            {
                label:labelList[j],
                valueId:'plans'+j,
                value:false,
                disabled:false
            }
        );
    }
    component.set("v.fieldOptions", optsList);
}})

If you would like to add labels in the radioGroup for each option, you can also do this one

component file :

<aura:attribute type="List" name="options" default="[]" />
<aura:attribute type="String" name="value" />
<lightning:radioGroup name="sampleRadioGroup" label="Select a radio button" options="{! v.options }" value="{! v.value}"/>

controller file :

({
  doInit: function(component, event, helper) {
    const values = [
      {'label': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel"), 'value': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel") },                                           
      {'label': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel2"), 'value': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel2") },                                          
      {'label': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel3"), 'value': $A.get("$Label.c.MyLabel3") }

        /* ... */
    ];

    component.set('v.values', values);
 }
})