What crypto algorithms does Android support?

Try this to list all security providers:

Provider[] providers = Security.getProviders();
for (Provider provider : providers) {
    Log.i("CRYPTO","provider: "+provider.getName());
    Set<Provider.Service> services = provider.getServices();
    for (Provider.Service service : services) {
        Log.i("CRYPTO","  algorithm: "+service.getAlgorithm());
    }
}

Update

Here is a list for my Nexus S (OS 2.3.4):

provider: AndroidOpenSSL
 algorithm: SHA-384
 algorithm: SHA-1
 algorithm: SSLv3
 algorithm: MD5
 algorithm: SSL
 algorithm: SHA-256
 algorithm: TLS
 algorithm: SHA-512
 algorithm: TLSv1
 algorithm: Default
provider: DRLCertFactory
 algorithm: X509
provider: BC
 algorithm: PKCS12
 algorithm: DESEDE
 algorithm: DH
 algorithm: RC4
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: DESEDE
 algorithm: Collection
 algorithm: SHA-1
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND256BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND192BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: DESEDEWRAP
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND128BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND256BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: AES
 algorithm: HMACSHA256
 algorithm: OAEP
 algorithm: HMACSHA256
 algorithm: HMACSHA384
 algorithm: DSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND192BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: DES
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDDES
 algorithm: SHA1withDSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDDES
 algorithm: BouncyCastle
 algorithm: PKIX
 algorithm: PKCS12PBE
 algorithm: DSA
 algorithm: RSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDDES
 algorithm: DESEDE
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC2-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC2-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND256BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC4
 algorithm: DH
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND192BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC2-CBC
 algorithm: HMACSHA384
 algorithm: AESWRAP
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND192BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: SHA256WithRSAEncryption
 algorithm: DES
 algorithm: HMACSHA512
 algorithm: HMACSHA1
 algorithm: DH
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND128BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PKIX
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDRC2
 algorithm: SHA-256
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDDES
 algorithm: HMACSHA512
 algorithm: SHA384WithRSAEncryption
 algorithm: DES
 algorithm: BLOWFISH
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND128BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND3-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND256BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: DSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC2-CBC
 algorithm: BLOWFISH
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC4
 algorithm: PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC4
 algorithm: HMACSHA1
 algorithm: AES
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND192BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND2-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA
 algorithm: DH
 algorithm: BKS
 algorithm: NONEWITHDSA
 algorithm: DES
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDRC2
 algorithm: DSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAANDTWOFISH-CBC
 algorithm: SHA512WithRSAEncryption
 algorithm: HMACMD5
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND3-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDRC2
 algorithm: ARC4
 algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA1
 algorithm: AES
 algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA1
 algorithm: MD5
 algorithm: RSA
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAANDTWOFISH-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDRC2
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND2-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC4
 algorithm: SHA-384
 algorithm: RSA
 algorithm: DESEDE
 algorithm: SHA-512
 algorithm: X.509
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND192BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: MD5WithRSAEncryption
 algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND256BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND256BITAES-CBC-BC
 algorithm: BLOWFISH
 algorithm: DH
 algorithm: SHA1WithRSAEncryption
 algorithm: HMACMD5
 algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND128BITAES-CBC-BC
provider: Crypto
 algorithm: SHA1withDSA
 algorithm: SHA-1
 algorithm: DSA
 algorithm: SHA1PRNG
provider: HarmonyJSSE
 algorithm: X509
 algorithm: SSLv3
 algorithm: TLS
 algorithm: TLSv1
 algorithm: X509
 algorithm: SSL

The same list updated with android 4.2.2

I/CRYPTO  (32293): provider: AndroidOpenSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: MD5WithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1WithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA512WithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: MD5
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-512
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA384WithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: NONEwithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-256
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA256WithRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1PRNG
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1withDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLSv1.1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLSv1.2
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SSLv3
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLSv1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLS
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: Default
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-384
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA/ECB/NoPadding
I/CRYPTO  (32293): provider: DRLCertFactory
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: X509
I/CRYPTO  (32293): provider: BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA384WITHRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: MD5WITHRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PKCS12PBE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA512WITHRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: AES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-256
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND3-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC2-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND2-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC2-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: EC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND256BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA256WITHRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: AES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: ECDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA256WITHECDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA384WITHECDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1withDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA512WITHECDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1WITHRSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACMD5
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND192BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-384
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC2-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA256
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: BouncyCastle
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND256BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND128BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAANDTWOFISH-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: BLOWFISH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: AESWRAP
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PKIX
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA384
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDRC2
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND3-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: EC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA512
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: BLOWFISH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: BLOWFISH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND192BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND192BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: MD5
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDDES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DESEDEWRAP
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND128BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: BKS
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: X.509
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA512
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA384
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND256BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDRC2
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDDES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND192BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DESEDE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND192BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDRC2
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: ARC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DESEDE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND2-KEYTRIPLEDES-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DESEDE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDDES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PKCS12
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: ARC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACSHA256
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PKIX
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-512
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND40BITRC2-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITRC4
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: Collection
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: HMACMD5
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND256BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAAND128BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND128BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: RSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA1ANDDES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: ECDH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND256BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHHMACSHA1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHA256AND128BITAES-CBC-BC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: NONEWITHDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DESEDE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHSHAANDTWOFISH-CBC
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DH
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND256BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: AES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5ANDRC2
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DES
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: PBEWITHMD5AND192BITAES-CBC-OPENSSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: OAEP
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: NONEwithECDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293): provider: Crypto
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1withDSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA-1
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SHA1PRNG
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: DSA
I/CRYPTO  (32293): provider: HarmonyJSSE
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SSLv3
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: AndroidCAStore
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: X509
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: X509
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLS
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: SSL
I/CRYPTO  (32293):   algorithm: TLSv1

The official cipher list can be found here. alot are supported from SDK 1 but even more from SDK 10: https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/crypto/Cipher.html