What is the difference between a modifiable rvalue and a const rvalue?

The return values of your function are copied using std::string's copy constructor. You can see that if you step through your program execution with a debugger.

As the conments say, it's quite self explantory. The first value will be editable when you return it. The second value will be read-only. It is a constant value.

For example:

int main() {


   std::cout << three().insert(0, "All ")  << std::endl; // Output: All kittens.

   std::cout << four().insert(0, "women ") << std::endl; // Output: This does not compile as four() returns a const std::string value. You would expect the output to be "women are an essential part of a healthy diet”. This will work if you remove the const preceding the four function.

}