Why do some negative numbers produce weird characters with fontenc package?

The characters − in the last two rows are U+2212, which in UTF-8 is input as <E2><88><92> and T1 encoded fonts happen to have â, Ĺ and Š at those locations. Without fontenc you get no output, but warnings about missing characters.

Use also inputenc:

\documentclass[a4paper,10pt,openany]{scrbook}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usepackage{siunitx}

\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} % if U+2212 slips in

\newcommand{\ctype}[1]{\texttt{#1}}

\sisetup{group-separator={,}}

\begin{document}

\begin{tabular}{
  |l|
  S[table-format=2.0]|
  S[table-format=1.0]|
  S[table-format=-19.0]|
  S[table-format=19.0]|
}
\hline
Type & {Bits} & {Bytes} & {Minimum} & {Maximum} \\ \hline
\ctype{int8\_t} & 8 & 1 & -128 & 127 \\ \hline
\ctype{int16\_t} & 16 & 2 & -32768 & 32767 \\ \hline
\ctype{int32\_t} & 32 & 4 & −2147483648 & 2147483647 \\ \hline
\ctype{int64\_t} & 64 & 8 & −9223372036854775808 & 9223372036854775807 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\end{document}

(I removed minted because the definition of \ctype gave errors.)

enter image description here

Just for improvement, loading booktabs and changing the table into

\begin{tabular}{
  @{}
  l
  S[table-format=2.0]
  S[table-format=1.0]
  S[table-format=-19.0]
  S[table-format=19.0]
  @{}
}
\toprule
Type & {Bits} & {Bytes} & {Minimum} & {Maximum} \\
\midrule
\ctype{int8\_t} & 8 & 1 & -128 & 127 \\
\ctype{int16\_t} & 16 & 2 & -32768 & 32767 \\
\ctype{int32\_t} & 32 & 4 & −2147483648 & 2147483647 \\
\ctype{int64\_t} & 64 & 8 & −9223372036854775808 & 9223372036854775807 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}

I also removed the setting for group-separator, which leaves the default thin space:

enter image description here


This is extended comment:

I wonder how is possible that - sign has different characters in the first two rows and last two rows in the OP MWE. In the following MWE I only retype - characters (and also consider table formatting of egreg second example) and it works without \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} and with and without \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}: 

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{array,booktabs}
\usepackage{siunitx}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tabular}{
>{\color{purple}}r
                 S[table-format=2.0]
                 S[table-format=1.0]
                 S[table-format=-19.0]
                 S[table-format= 19.0]
                   }
\toprule
\verb+int8_t+  & 8  & 1 & -128                 & 127                 \\  
\midrule
\verb+int16_t+ & 16 & 2 & -32768               & 32767               \\  
\verb+int32_t+ & 32 & 4 & -2147483648          & 2147483647          \\  
\verb+int64_t+ & 64 & 8 & -9223372036854775808 & 9223372036854775807 \\ 
\bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
\end{document}

I use WinEdt for editor preset to utf8 encodiding, if this matter.

enter image description here

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