Why is there ambiguity between uint32_t and uint64_t when using size_t on Mac OS X?

Under Mac OS, those types are defined as:

typedef unsigned int         uint32_t;
typedef unsigned long long   uint64_t;

Where as size_t is defined as __SIZE_TYPE__:

#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__SIZE_TYPE__)
typedef __SIZE_TYPE__       __darwin_size_t;    /* sizeof() */
#else
typedef unsigned long       __darwin_size_t;    /* sizeof() */
#endif

So if you change your code to:

#include <iostream>
#include <inttypes.h>

using namespace std;

int f(uint32_t i)
{
  return 1;
}
int f(uint64_t i)
{
  return 2;
}

int f (unsigned long i)
{
  return 3;
}

int main ()
{
  cout << sizeof(unsigned long) << '\n';
  cout << sizeof(size_t) << '\n';
  cout << sizeof(uint32_t) << '\n';
  cout << sizeof(uint64_t) << '\n';
  //long unsigned x = 3;
  size_t x = 3;
  cout << f(x) << '\n';
  return 0;
}

And run it, you will get:

$ g++ -o test test.cpp
$ ./test
8
8
4
8
3

If you really want to, you could implement your desired semantics like this:

#define IS_UINT(bits, t) (sizeof(t)==(bits/8) && \
                          std::is_integral<t>::value && \
                          !std::is_signed<t>::value)

template<class T> auto f(T) -> typename std::enable_if<IS_UINT(32,T), int>::type
{
  return 1;
}

template<class T> auto f(T) -> typename std::enable_if<IS_UINT(64,T), int>::type
{
  return 2;
}

Not saying this is a good idea; just saying you could do it.

There may be a good standard-C++ way to ask the compiler "are these two types the same, you know what I mean, don't act dumb with me", but if there is, I don't know it.

---

2020 UPDATE: You could have done it more idiomatically without macros. C++14 gave us the shorthand enable_if_t and C++17 gave us is_integral_v:

template<int Bits, class T>
constexpr bool is_uint_v = 
    sizeof(T)==(Bits/8) && std::is_integral_v<T> && !std::is_signed_v<T>;

template<class T> auto f(T) -> std::enable_if_t<is_uint_v<32, T>, int>
    { return 1; }

template<class T> auto f(T) -> std::enable_if_t<is_uint_v<64, T>, int>
    { return 2; }

And then in C++20 we have the even-shorter-shorthand requires:

template<int Bits, class T>
constexpr bool is_uint_v =
    sizeof(T)==(Bits/8) && std::is_integral_v<T> && !std::is_signed_v<T>;

template<class T> int f(T) requires is_uint_v<32, T> { return 1; }
template<class T> int f(T) requires is_uint_v<64, T> { return 2; }

and even-shorter-shorter-shorthand "abbreviated function templates" (although this is getting frankly obfuscated and I would not recommend it in real life):

template<class T, int Bits>
concept uint =
    sizeof(T)==(Bits/8) && std::is_integral_v<T> && !std::is_signed_v<T>;

int f(uint<32> auto) { return 1; }  // still a template
int f(uint<64> auto) { return 2; }  // still a template