x > -1 vs x >= 0, is there a performance difference

There's no difference in any real-world sense.

Let's take a look at some code generated by various compilers for various targets.

• I'm assuming a signed int operation (which seem the intent of the OP)
• I've limited by survey to C and to compilers that I have readily at hand (admittedly a pretty small sample - GCC, MSVC and IAR)
• basic optimizations enabled (-O2 for GCC, /Ox for MSVC, -Oh for IAR)

• using the following module:

  void my_puts(char const* s);
  
  void cmp_gt(int x) 
  {
      if (x > -1) {
          my_puts("non-negative");
      }
      else {
          my_puts("negative");
      }
  }
  
  void cmp_gte(int x) 
  {
      if (x >= 0) {
          my_puts("non-negative");
      }
      else {
          my_puts("negative");
      }
  }
  

And here's what each of them produced for the comparison operations:

MSVC 11 targeting ARM:

// if (x > -1) {...
00000        |cmp_gt| PROC
  00000 f1b0 3fff    cmp         r0,#0xFFFFFFFF
  00004 dd05         ble         |$LN2@cmp_gt|


// if (x >= 0) {...
  00024      |cmp_gte| PROC
  00024 2800         cmp         r0,#0
  00026 db05         blt         |$LN2@cmp_gte|

MSVC 11 targeting x64:

// if (x > -1) {...
cmp_gt  PROC
  00000 83 f9 ff     cmp     ecx, -1
  00003 48 8d 0d 00 00                  // speculative load of argument to my_puts()
    00 00        lea     rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1359
  0000a 7f 07        jg  SHORT $LN5@cmp_gt

// if (x >= 0) {...
cmp_gte PROC
  00000 85 c9        test    ecx, ecx
  00002 48 8d 0d 00 00                  // speculative load of argument to my_puts()
    00 00        lea     rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1367
  00009 79 07        jns     SHORT $LN5@cmp_gte

MSVC 11 targeting x86:

// if (x > -1) {...
_cmp_gt PROC
  00000 83 7c 24 04 ff   cmp     DWORD PTR _x$[esp-4], -1
  00005 7e 0d        jle     SHORT $LN2@cmp_gt


// if (x >= 0) {...
_cmp_gte PROC
  00000 83 7c 24 04 00   cmp     DWORD PTR _x$[esp-4], 0
  00005 7c 0d        jl  SHORT $LN2@cmp_gte

GCC 4.6.1 targeting x64

// if (x > -1) {...
cmp_gt:
    .seh_endprologue
    test    ecx, ecx
    js  .L2

// if (x >= 0) {...
cmp_gte:
    .seh_endprologue
    test    ecx, ecx
    js  .L5

GCC 4.6.1 targeting x86:

// if (x > -1) {...
_cmp_gt:
    mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
    test    eax, eax
    js  L2

// if (x >= 0) {...
_cmp_gte:
    mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
    test    edx, edx
    js  L5

GCC 4.4.1 targeting ARM:

// if (x > -1) {...
cmp_gt:
    .fnstart
.LFB0:
    cmp r0, #0
    blt .L8

// if (x >= 0) {...
cmp_gte:
    .fnstart
.LFB1:
    cmp r0, #0
    blt .L2

IAR 5.20 targeting an ARM Cortex-M3:

// if (x > -1) {...
cmp_gt:
80B5 PUSH     {R7,LR}
.... LDR.N    R1,??DataTable1  ;; `?<Constant "non-negative">`
0028 CMP      R0,#+0
01D4 BMI.N    ??cmp_gt_0

// if (x >= 0) {...
cmp_gte:
 80B5 PUSH     {R7,LR}
 .... LDR.N    R1,??DataTable1  ;; `?<Constant "non-negative">`
 0028 CMP      R0,#+0
 01D4 BMI.N    ??cmp_gte_0

If you're still with me, here are the differences of any note between evaluating (x > -1) and (x >= 0) that show up:

• MSVC targeting ARM uses cmp r0,#0xFFFFFFFF for (x > -1) vs cmp r0,#0 for (x >= 0). The first instruction's opcode is two bytes longer. I suppose that may introduce some additional time, so we'll call this an advantage for (x >= 0)
• MSVC targeting x86 uses cmp ecx, -1 for (x > -1) vs test ecx, ecx for (x >= 0). The first instruction's opcode is one byte longer. I suppose that may introduce some additional time, so we'll call this an advantage for (x >= 0)

Note that GCC and IAR generated identical machine code for the two kinds of comparison (with the possible exception of which register was used). So according to this survey, it appears that (x >= 0) has an ever-so-slight chance of being 'faster'. But whatever advantage the minimally shorter opcode byte encoding might have (and I stress might have) will be certainly completely overshadowed by other factors.

I'd be surprised if you found anything different for the jitted output of Java or C#. I doubt you'd find any difference of note even for a very small target like an 8 bit AVR.

In short, don't worry about this micro-optimization. I think my write up here has already spent more time than will be spent by any difference in the performance of these expressions accumulated across all the CPUs executing them in my lifetime. If you have the capability to measure the difference in performance, please apply your efforts to something more important like studying the behavior of sub-atomic particles or something.

It is very much dependent on the underlying architecture, but any difference will be minuscule.

If anything, I'd expect (x >= 0) to be slightly faster, as comparison with 0 comes for free on some instruction sets (such as ARM).

Of course, any sensible compiler will choose the best implementation regardless of which variant is in your source.