Elastic Beanstalk with Docker deployment failure

Docker dumps are stored in the host box at /var/log/eb-docker/containers/.
Go there and you'll find the docker startup crash log that should indicate the root cause of your problem.

You want to look at

/var/log/eb-docker/containers/eb-current-app/unexpected-quit.log

in the bundle downloaded by eb logs --all or using eb ssh. This log file will have the stdout and stderr of your application before it crashed.