How to use const_cast?

You are not allowed to const_cast variables that are actually const. This results in undefined behavior. const_cast is used to remove the const-ness from references and pointers that ultimately refer to something that is not const.

So, this is allowed:

int i = 0;
const int& ref = i;
const int* ptr = &i;

const_cast<int&>(ref) = 3;
*const_cast<int*>(ptr) = 3;

It's allowed because i, the object being assigned to, is not const. The below is not allowed:

const int i = 0;
const int& ref = i;
const int* ptr = &i;

const_cast<int&>(ref) = 3;
*const_cast<int*>(ptr) = 3;

because here i is const and you are modifying it by assigning it a new value. The code will compile, but its behavior is undefined (which can mean anything from "it works just fine" to "the program will crash".)

You should initialize constant data members in the constructor's initializers instead of assigning them in the body of constructors:

Student(const Student & s) 
    : Person(p.getName(), p.getEmailAddress(), p.getBirthDate()),
      school(0),
      studentNumber(s.studentNumber)
{
    // ...
}