MiKTeX won't typeset
My problems were solved when I followed this comment by Ulrike Fischer:
Open the package manager (admin), use repositories -> synchronize, and then check if all packages starting with miktex are installed
After I installed the miktex files, it compiled perfectly.
None of the above worked for me as MikTeX threw different errors, so I uninstalled and instead installed TeXLive. I tried to compile and it said something to the effect of
Can not create file foo.pdf
So I went to delete foo.pdf and it said something to the effect of
Can not delete. File locked by foo.pdf.old.old
I did a quick Ctrl+Alt+Del and there were no MikTeX processes running. Vim was open, but I don't see why that would have affected a pdf file. In any case, I restarted the computer and it worked fine.
Before uninstalling MiKTeX, try deleting your PDF file