Wrapfigure affects the rest of the document in environments
Putting at the end of \poisonousparagraph
what the content of the internal wrapfig command \WF@mypar
does seems to do the trick (I've replaced the image by a rule of about the same size):
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[czech]{babel}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\newenvironment{myenvironment}{}{}
\makeatletter
\def\poisonousparagraph{
\begin{myenvironment}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam at rhoncus libero. Nunc auctor neque ut urna sodales vestibulum.
\end{myenvironment}
\@@par
\ifnum\@@parshape=\z@ \let\WF@pspars\@empty \fi % reset `parshape'
\global\advance\c@WF@wrappedlines-\prevgraf \prevgraf\z@
\ifnum\c@WF@wrappedlines<\tw@ \WF@finale \fi
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\rule{0.48\textwidth}{2cm}
\end{center}
\caption{Lorem ipsum}
\end{wrapfigure}
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\poisonousparagraph
\end{document}